AGRONOMIC ENCYCLOPEDIA • 22+ INDIAN & GUJARAT CROPS

Agronomic Crop Encyclopedia

Comprehensive agronomy profiles for 22+ Indian and Gujarat crops with growth thresholds & NPK requirements.

🌱Kharif (Monsoon)

Cotton (Kapās)

Gossypium hirsutum

Cotton is a major commercial cash crop in Gujarat and Maharashtra. Sensitive to waterlogging; drip irrigation controlled via soil moisture sensors increases yield by 30-40%.

Optimal Temperature21°C - 35°C
Ideal Soil Moisture35% - 60%
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🥜Kharif / Summer (Zaid)

Groundnut / Peanut (Magfali)

Arachis hypogaea

Groundnut thrives in Saurashtra (Gujarat) and Rajasthan. Requires friable topsoil so pegs can penetrate underground without resistance.

Optimal Temperature22°C - 32°C
Ideal Soil Moisture40% - 65%
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🌾Rabi (Winter)

Cumin / Jeera (Jīru)

Cuminum cyminum

Gujarat produces over 70% of India’s cumin (Unjha Mandi hub). Extremely sensitive to excess moisture and cloudy weather, which triggers Powdery Mildew and Blight.

Optimal Temperature10°C - 26°C
Ideal Soil Moisture25% - 45%
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🌿Kharif / Semi-Perennial

Castor (Eraṇḍo / Arandi)

Ricinus communis

Gujarat is the world leader in castor seed and oil export. Highly drought resilient with deep tap roots, excellent for IoT precision drip irrigation.

Optimal Temperature20°C - 36°C
Ideal Soil Moisture30% - 55%
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🌾Kharif / Summer (Zaid)

Bajra / Pearl Millet (Bājarī)

Pennisetum glaucum

Climate-resilient super-crop of Banaskantha, Kutch and Rajasthan. High in dietary iron, zinc, and fiber with minimum irrigation requirement.

Optimal Temperature22°C - 38°C
Ideal Soil Moisture25% - 50%
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🌿Rabi (Winter)

Fennel / Saunf (Variyāḷī)

Foeniculum vulgare

North Gujarat (Mehsana, Patan, Banaskantha) is the premium hub for green and chewing fennel. Sensitive to frost and continuous cloudy spells during flowering.

Optimal Temperature15°C - 28°C
Ideal Soil Moisture35% - 55%
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🌱Kharif / Summer (Zaid)

Sesame / Gingelly (Tal / Til)

Sesamum indicum

Gujarat is India’s top producer of white and black sesame (exported globally for tahini and confectionery). Extremely short duration crop.

Optimal Temperature24°C - 35°C
Ideal Soil Moisture30% - 50%
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🌾Rabi (Winter)

Isabgol / Psyllium (Isabagula)

Plantago ovata

Gujarat is the global monopoly supplier of natural psyllium husk for digestive medicine. Requires cool dry weather; rain during maturity shatters the entire seed crop.

Optimal Temperature12°C - 24°C
Ideal Soil Moisture20% - 40%
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🌱Rabi (Winter)

Chickpea / Bengal Gram (Chaṇā)

Cicer arietinum

Major pulse crop fixing atmospheric nitrogen into the soil. Requires residual moisture from monsoon; highly susceptible to pod borer.

Optimal Temperature12°C - 26°C
Ideal Soil Moisture30% - 50%
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🥭Perennial (Harvest in Summer)

Mango / Gir Kesar (Kērī)

Mangifera indica

Gir Kesar Mango (GI Tagged from Junagadh/Amreli) and Valsad Alphonso are world famous. Water stress before flowering induces heavy floral bloom.

Optimal Temperature24°C - 38°C
Ideal Soil Moisture35% - 60%
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🍎Bahar Treatment (Mrig/Hasta/Ambe)

Pomegranate / Bhagwa (Dāḍam)

Punica granatum

Bhagwa variety thrives in arid Banaskantha, Kutch and Solapur (MH). High economic returns with precision sensor-guided drip and fertigation.

Optimal Temperature22°C - 38°C
Ideal Soil Moisture30% - 55%
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🧄Rabi (Winter)

Garlic (Lasaṇ / Lahsun)

Allium sativum

Gujarat (Jamnagar, Junagadh, Rajkot) produces top-quality G-2 and Gujarat Garlic-5 varieties. Sulphur application sharpens allicin pungency and bulb size.

Optimal Temperature12°C - 25°C
Ideal Soil Moisture40% - 65%
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🌾Rabi (Winter)

Wheat (Gehun)

Triticum aestivum

Premier staple food grain. Bhalia wheat of Gujarat (grown under conserved moisture) has high protein and carotene.

Optimal Temperature12°C - 25°C
Ideal Soil Moisture35% - 60%
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🍅Kharif / Rabi / Summer

Tomato (Tamatar)

Solanum lycopersicum

High-value horticulture crop. Highly susceptible to Early/Late Blight and Blossom End Rot if moisture fluctuates sharply.

Optimal Temperature18°C - 30°C
Ideal Soil Moisture45% - 70%
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🎋Perennial / Annual

Sugarcane (Ganna)

Saccharum officinarum

High water requirement crop. Modern drip automation based on soil sensors saves up to 50% water while increasing sugar recovery.

Optimal Temperature20°C - 38°C
Ideal Soil Moisture55% - 80%
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🥔Rabi (Winter)

Potato (Aloo)

Solanum tuberosum

Tuber initiation requires cool night temperatures (< 20°C). Deesa (Banaskantha) is the cold-storage capital of India.

Optimal Temperature15°C - 24°C
Ideal Soil Moisture45% - 70%
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🌼Rabi (Winter)

Mustard / Rapeseed (Sarson / Rai)

Brassica juncea

Highly drought-tolerant oilseed. Adding agricultural sulphur increases oil content by 2-3%.

Optimal Temperature10°C - 26°C
Ideal Soil Moisture30% - 50%
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🌶️Kharif / Rabi / Summer

Chilli / Green Pepper (Mirchi)

Capsicum annuum

Major spice crop with multiple pickings. Gondal and Mahuva are major chilli hubs.

Optimal Temperature20°C - 32°C
Ideal Soil Moisture40% - 65%
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🧅Kharif / Rabi / Late Rabi

Onion (Ḍuṅgaḷī / Pyāz)

Allium cepa

Mahuva and Bhavnagar (Gujarat) and Nashik (Maharashtra) form the onion belt of Western India with major dehydration plants.

Optimal Temperature15°C - 28°C
Ideal Soil Moisture45% - 70%
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